Native Americans- Revisiting the Struggles of 1680
What were the causes of the Pueblo revolt of 1680?
In the year 1680, Native Americans known as the Pueblo revolted against their Spanish conquerors in the American South West (Calloway, 2003). The Spaniards had dominated their lives, their souls and their lands for over eighty years. The Spanish colonists conquered and maintained their rule with terror and intimidation from the beginning when their troops under the command of Juan de Onate invaded the region in 1598 (Countryman 2013). When the natives in Acoma resisted, Oriate commanded that for all men over the age of 15 one leg should be chopped and the rest of the population should be enslaved, setting the tone for what was to be a brutal rule for the next 8 decades. The Pueblo people then rose as one community united by their resolve to unshackle the chains of domination, and succeeded in driving out the Spaniards. The Pueblos allowed many Spaniards to escape with their lives, however one of the most tragic fatalities of the war was the death of 21 Franciscan priests at the hands of the rebels, and the rebels also ransacked the mission churches that had been built across their lands. It took the Spanish troops over 12 years to re-conquer the whole of the Pueblo lands. However, the Spanish troops never managed to re-conquer the Hopi in the westernmost parts of the Pueblo country (Countryman 2013).
The Pueblo rebellion of 1680 was one of the most important, yet misrepresented events in history of Native Americans. After decades of oppression under the Spanish rule, the Pueblo Indians across the North American Southwest united and organized a widespread rebellion in the summer heat of 1680. The Pueblos were successful in their revolt and gained freedom from the Spanish rule by spring of the same year (McHugh 2015). When investigating the causes of the rebellion, the lack of authentic Pueblo written accounts of the event questions the validity of the available data and makes one wonder if we will ever come to know the actual sequence of events. Even though in the widely accepted narrative, the Spanish were seen as missionaries who were sent by God to save and convert the “primitive and barbaric” Pueblos, the event seen from the natives’ perspective was nothing other than an invasion by foreign overlords that were full of self-interests and thus the retaliation against the Spanish oppression. The Pueblo revolt, from the burning of churches to the violent deaths of Catholic priests shows that spiritual abuse was the main cause of the uprising. Furthermore without any written accounts from the natives, we can rely on other forms in which they stored information to get valuable insight into the reasons behind the revolt and what helped them overcome the powerful Spanish troops (McHugh 2015).
Now, three centuries later, the Pueblo people still live in traditional ways in villages across the southwest region of North America. A statute that commemorates the leader of the rebellion, Po’pay is one of the two parts from the state of New Mexico in the National Statutory Hall in Washington DC, United States. The Pueblo revolt is the most significant and successful rebellion in the history of North American natives. This essay investigates the reasons behind the revolution, what occurred? What did the revolution signify? And what did it achieve in the end?
Role of religion in the conflict
Without a doubt, one of the main dimensions of the revolution was religious. From the Zuni and Acoma in the western edges of New Mexico to the Pecos Pueblos of near the fringes of the Great Plains, the Pueblo people had had enough of the missionaries, after eighty years of what renowned historian Ramon Gutierrez had described as a forced theocratic utopia. Backed by the Spanish troops and with no hindrance or reluctance to crack the whip, Catholic missionaries had gone on to destroy the traditional world of the Pueblos in almost every way, including what they should believe, how they should live, work, marry and pray. When the revolt began, the rebels specifically had a grudge with the Franciscan priests and whenever they captured them, they first tortured them before killing them. They destroyed all the vestiges of the Catholic Church; they annihilated mission churches, and defiled the vessels used to carry out mass in the church. They forbade marriages on catholic terms. Then after they were done destroying all symbols of Christianity, they restored the Kivas-places where their ancestors had honored their ancestral gods. With all Spanish practices and catholic symbols gone, they set out to continue living their lives the way their ancestors before them had lived.
Although the Pueblo people highly valued their spiritual rituals, the Catholic missionaries wanted to immediately destroy the ‘pagan’ practices. After the Spaniards had failed to find the much sought after golden city of Quivera in the latter half of the sixteenth century, they turned their focus to converting the natives. From the turn of the century they penetrated deeper into the lands that currently form the state of New Mexico, which were the heartlands of the Pueblo country (Liebmann, Revolt: An Archaeological History of Pueblo Resistance and Revitalization in 17th Century New Mexico 2012). Backed by the whip and the cross, the missionaries sought to completely eliminate the natives’ religion. Any rebellion or resistance to the Spanish rule was responded to with torture, imprisonment or even death. For instance, records indicate that in 1655 Fray Salvador De Guerra whipped a native for worshiping idols to the extent that he was bathed in blood (Liebmann, Revolt: An Archaeological History of Pueblo Resistance and Revitalization in 17th Century New Mexico 2012). Furthermore, the catholic priests destroyed approximately 1600 native praying sticks and Katsina spiritual masks. The evidence not only reveals how the conquerors physically tortured and abused the Pueblo for their religious beliefs but also completely destroyed most of their spiritual practices. Instead of perceiving the natives as equals, the Spanish conquerors regarded them as idolaters, which further pushed their resolve to forcibly convert them (McHugh 2015).
Slavery a core factor leading to the conflict
Besides religious differences, slavery was perhaps the factor that provided the final push for the locals to revolt against their Spanish overlords. Legal enslavement of the natives had already been forbidden by royal decree from the Spanish King since the mid 16th century; however that had not put an end to the actual practice. The so-called “just wars” offered one loophole, and on that basis the Utes, Apaches and other Native American tribes that had resisted the Spanish conquerors then became fair game to the enslavers. Settled Christian native-Indians such as the Pueblo people could be put under slavery for certain durations if they refused to acknowledge the Spanish authorities. Compulsory encomienda labor, which was supposedly given by the natives in return for the “benefits” that the Spanish conquerors had brought, was quite similar to slavery. Enslaved Indians frequently ended up in huge, labor-dependent silver mines in Chihuahua. Some of them were taken as far south as Cuba to work alongside enslaved Africans in plantations. Native women and children were also sold across the plains for domestic labor and sexual exploitation. Outside the Spanish controlled lands, slaving frontiers were advancing westwards towards the plains both from the British Colonies (particularly South Carolina) and from New France. The Apache, Navajo and Pueblo country lay an ocean away from the European capitals, but its natives were caught up in a giant web whose most common shared institution was that of human slavery (Countryman 2013).
Cause of Misconception about the conflict
With only a handful of exceptions, studies of the Pueblo revolt era have all been based on the same collection of documentary evidence, mostly consisting of accounts from Franciscan ecclesiastical correspondence (Hackett 1937; Espinosa 1988) and Spanish military journals (Hackett and Shelby 1942; Kessell and Hendricks 1992; Kessell et al. 1995, 1998). These collections of written records have mainly resulted in histories portraying the Pueblo revolt mainly through the perspective of the Spanish conquerors, and the few Pueblo perspectives are included only through European translators and interlocutors (Weber 1999b:9). These written records have been relied upon even though there are obvious and significant biases in their accounts, as the Spanish writers tried to rationalize their defeat and justify their subsequent attempts at reconquering the territory. Primary texts tend to portray the event as an unusual anomalous event and refute the long periods of resistance of the locals to the Spanish religious persecution and economic oppression (Liebmann, Matthew & Preucel 2007).
Moreover, these texts contain very little in terms of the changes that were made to the Pueblo social and cultural formations between 1680 and 1692. The Spaniards who had been pushed out of the region during the period were only making brief and poorly recorded forays into the region, while the locals did not record their events in writing (Hackett 1937; Espinosa 1988). As a result, historical researches have concentrated on the Pueblo revolt era in the 1682 and jumped to the ritual repossession of Vargas in 1692, leaving the intervening decade of the region’s independence largely undocumented. Many studies have hence shown the revolt as a temporary hindrance to the inevitable expansion of the Spanish Empire (Bolton 1916; Bowden 1975; Garner 1974; also see Knaut 1995). From an anthropological point-of-view, the social and cultural practices of the Pueblo tribe during the intervening years are crucial to understanding the overall effects of the revolt era on the development of the natives’ cultures (Liebmann, Matthew & Preucel 2007). Following which, we explore;
How the conflict affected social life and settlement of the Puebloans
Pre-Revolt era
Before the people of Pueblo first came face-to-face with the Spanish, they were generally distributed across the plains in clusters of large villages (Schroeder 1979). The pueblos who lived in these villages were usually located near valleys in close proximity to the most fertile lands. There is a huge difference in the settlement structures both within and among the villages in these pre-Hispanic settlements. However, almost all of them were located around a plaza with Kivas which were used in ceremonial or religious activities (Liebmann, Ferguson and Preucel 2005). Even though the natives shared many similarities in their cultural, social and religious practices, they also differed from each other huge ways. For instance, the native peoples of Pueblo spoke about 7 different languages, some of which had several dialects between them. The language that was spoken in different village clusters formed the main basis for social and political alliances among most of the settlements which were otherwise autonomous (Liebmann, Ferguson and Preucel 2005).
Revolt era
During the Pueblo revolt of 1680, many rebels destroyed churches and left the mission villages they had been confined to, to form new Pueblo settlements (Hackett, Wilson & Shelby 1942). A number of Pueblo communities rebuilt their villages on top of mesas in anticipation Spanish efforts at reconquest. The Spanish troops made a couple of abortive attempts to reconquer the Pueblo country in the 1680s and even though they were not able to regain full control until the year 1696, their early attempts brought about huge casualties to the southern Pueblo settlements (Ford et. al. 1972; Wilcox 1981). In the year 1689, for example, the troops under the leadership of Domingo Jironza Petris de Cruzate attacked Zia Pueblo, resulting in the deaths of over 600 natives (Kessell and Hendrick 1992). These bloody attacks meant only one thing to the Puebloans, that the Spaniards would wage a brutal war to retake their colony. After the Jironza-led attack, the inhabitants of Zia Pueblo rebuilt their village at the top of a mesa (Cerro Colorado) so as to protect themselves from further attacks, as did many other settlements during the revolt (Liebmann, Ferguson and Preucel 2005).
2. Ethnogenesis
One of the most crucial long-term effects of the Pueblo uprising is the formation of new social identities that removed or assumed the previous traditional ethno-linguistic boundaries which had defined the Pueblo village settlements during the eighty years of Spanish domination (Ford et. al. 1972; Wilcox 1981). This process, which is commonly referred to as ethnogenesis is defined as formation of enduring identities in terms of radical change after cultural and political struggles (Hill 1996:1). Ethnogenesis is primarily an adaptation that is especially common among indigenous communities that have been greatly affected by colonial agendas and institutions (Roosens 1989).
In the lands that the Spanish had occupied in New Mexico, they used ethnic categorization to consolidate and legitimize their economic and political systems. The ascription of a “Pueblo” ethnicity to people who were culturally and linguistically diverse, allowed asymmetric economic and social relations between the natives and the settlers to seem both natural and broadly applicable (Wilcox 2001; Preucel et al. 2002). What is interesting about the Pueblo uprising is that, the leader of the rebellion, Po’pay used this ethnic categorization to mobile these diverse peoples in different settlements against their rulers. Hence the independent ethnic categorization “Pueblo” was reoriented and used instead to create and signify political alliance and to allow a united resistance in the early 1680s (Liebmann and Preucel 2007).
Alliances made by the Pueblos
The 1680 revolt was by no means an isolated event. The entire 17th century history of the modern state of New Mexico and that of northern Mexico is marked with years of rebellion and unrest. Many of the native communities in the region had been conquered and enslaved and wished to liberate themselves from the Spaniards. However, most of them understood that even though they significantly outnumbered the Spaniards, their enemies were organized, determined and ruthless. The Spanish troops possessed steel weapons and firearms that were superior to anything that the locals had access to (Countryman 2013). However, despite the fact that they were against a superior and organized invader, records show that there were repeated revolts and uprisings among the Native Americans who had supposedly been “reformed” to Spanish and Christian ways. There were several other native communities who also took part in the revolt. The neighboring Navajos and Apaches remained free of Spanish rule, both because of their nomadic lifestyles and also because the Spanish troops had been stretched to their limits. But for many years the peoples of these communities had to fight frontier battles. In fact, these other communities also played such a great role in the revolt, that according to Forbes, the term “Pueblo revolt” is but a misnomer and a different term that should be used is the “Great Southwestern Revolt,” since it describes the late 17th century revolt more accurately (Countryman 2013).
As a consequence, the Pueblo Revolt not only affected the Pueblo tribe but also other tribes in the surrounding area. One of the other tribes that participated in the revolt was the north-central New Mexico’s Jamez tribe. During the era of the revolt, the Jamez lands had served as a place of hiding or retreat. The people had been directly motivated or encouraged by the actions of the Pueblo tribe (M. Liebmann 2008). It was not just the Jamez tribe that formed an alliance with the Pueblo people, indeed during the revolt the Apaches and the Navajos also came to their aid (Brugge 1969). These alliances contributed significantly to the revolt and helped the locals to take back their lands and exile their conquerors.
How the revolt sparked a fire
The Pueblo Revolt not only affected the settlers in the New Mexico region, this is because immediately after that, other oppressed Native American tribes had heard of the success that the Pueblo people had had in driving out their Spanish colonizers, they also set out to do the same. The news that the Pueblos had succeeded to overthrow their conquerors sparked an incessant series of revolts in other American Indian tribes all across the colonies in South America. For example, as Page (2002) noted in his work, the word spread throughout the south and encouraged resistance and rebellion that plagued the colonists for many years. The Pueblo revolt inspired other Indian tribes and sparked events all over the Americas.
From the information above, it can be said that the revolt had long-term effects not just for the Native Americans and the colonists in the area where the revolt took place, but also for other tribes and colonists throughout the New World. The strategies of the Pueblo people enabled them to retake their lands for about ten years. The revolt proved that colonists could not just walk in and demand for natives to change, even if the locals where naturally pacifistic, they too were willing to risk their lives for what they believed in, just like the colonists. This was a crucial time in history that helped shape how the United States formed.
Previous Uprisings
Between 1644 and the year 1675 the many native Indian tribes repeatedly revolted and rebelled against the better-organized and the better-armed Spanish troops. However, these uprisings were quickly squashed. In the late 1660s and early 1670s, unusually high temperatures and drought had made life more difficult for both the colonists and the Indians. The Colonists seized the crops and possessions of the locals. Several revolts had been planned in the seventeenth century. However, these revolts had not garnered enough support across the Pueblo territory to go ahead. In 1675 however, in recognition of the growing uprisings among the people of Pueblo, Gov. Juan Francisco Trevino ordered the arrests of forty seven shamans and had them taken to Santa Fe to face witchcraft charges. Through the combined effects of the brutality of the Franciscan conversion and Spanish rule, the introduction of new diseases, slaving raids that resulted in people of Pueblo being taken as far away as Mexico city and a famine that had begun in 1670s, the time had come for the people of Pueblo to unite and retake their lands from the better-armed and better-organized Spanish people, something that they did in the course of 3 weeks (Darosa 2011).
The actual conflict
The Pueblo tribe had been conquered and enslaved by the Spaniards. The European power had come to the Americas, conquered Pueblo lands, demanded the inhabitants to change their religion to Christianity and pay tribute to them (Page 2002). Spanish domination of the territory lasted well over a century, a time period during which the locals became even more discontented with their rulers and the religion which had been forced on them. However, things started changing, when after a severe drought, that brought about very low yields, which resulted in a famine, the Native Americans turned to their ancestral gods and the ways of their ancestors since Christianity no longer appeared to be of help to them. This was surprisingly was out of character for the natives (When times got rough for the Pueblo people in the years … n.d.). Before this change of heart, Pueblo had been seen as pacifistic and sympathetic to the cause of the missionaries. Indeed to prove this fact, one Sister Mary Henry had noted in her essay titled “Family Life among the Pueblo,” that the locals were tolerant, conservative, and ordinarily gentle. The Pueblo also hated conflict and any kind of bloodshed, she further continued, but they rose and pushed away every European from their lands in one smashing blow. These typically peaceful and ordinary people had been so provoked / aggravated by their conquerors, that they went outside their normal behavior to bring their suffering to an end (When times got rough for the Pueblo people in the years … n.d.).
The Spaniards on the other hand were not just going to give up their designs and let the locals thwart them that easily. Prior to the revolt when the Spanish tried to continue to force Catholicism on the locals by cross and by whip, the Pueblo people rose and banded together to fight against their conquerors. They forced the settlers away from the territories they had taken. In fact the Spanish were pushed as far away as the present day El Paso (Texas). The locals in their massacre killed everyone excluding none, the women, children, men and priests were all slaughtered, with only a handful managing to escape (When times got rough for the Pueblo people in the years … n.d.). The natives went ahead to burn down 21 mission centers and killed about 400 settlers. Due to the suffering that had been imposed on them by Spanish missionaries, the Pueblo people wanted to completely dissociate themselves from Catholicism. From their point-of-view, they thought the best way to do this was to completely destroy all things catholic. This became one of the main driving forces behind the revolt (When times got rough for the Pueblo people in the years … n.d.).
References
Bolton, H.E, ed. Spanish Exploration of the Southwest, 1542-1706. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons; New YorkC. Scribner’s Sons, 1916.
Bowden, H. W. “Spanish Missions, Cultural Conflict and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.” Church History, 1975: 217-28.
Brugge, David M. “Pueblo Factionalism and External Relations.” Ethnohistory, 1969.
Calloway, Colin. One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West Before Lewis and Clark . University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
Countryman, Edward. The Pueblo Revolt. 2013. http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/early-settlements/essays/pueblo-revolt (accessed September 17, 2015).
Darosa, Christine. The Pueblo revolt of 1680. August 17, 2011. http://socialistworker.org/2011/08/17/the-pueblo-revolt-of-1680 (accessed September 19, 2015).
Espinosa, J. M., ed. The Pueblo Revolt of 1696 and the Franciscan Mission in New Mexico: Letters of the Missionaries and Related Documents. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988.
Ford, R. I, A. H. Schroeder, and S. L. Peckham. Three Perspectives on Puebloan Prehistory. In New Perspectives on the Pueblos. Edited by A. Ortiz. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1972.
Garner, V. H. “Seventeenth-Century New Mexico.” Journal of Mexican-American History, 1974: 41-70.
Hackett, C. W, ed. Historical Documents relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and Approaches Thereto, to 1773. Vol. 3. Washington D. C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1937.
Hackett, Charles Wilson, and Charmion Clair Shelby. “Revolt of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, and Otermin’s Attempted Reconquest, 1680-1682.” Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1942.
Henry, Mary. “Family Life among the Pueblo.” The American Catholic Sociological Review, 1945.
Hill, J. D. “Introduction: Ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992.” In History, Power, and Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992, edited by J. D. Hill, 1-19. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1996.
Kessell, J. L, R. Hendricks, and M. Dodge, . Blood on the Boulders: The Journals of Don Diego de Vargas, New Mexico 1694-1697. Vol. 2. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998.
Kessell, J. L, R. Hendricks, and M. Dodge, . To the Royal Crown Restored: The Journals of Don Diego de Vargas, New Mexico 1692-1694. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.
Kessell, John R, and Rick Hendrick, . By Force of Arms: The Journals of Don Diego de Varga, New Mexico 1691-1693. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992.
Knaut, A. L. The Pueblo Revolt: Conquest and Resistance in Seventeenth-Century New Mexico. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.
Liebmann, Mattew. “The Innovative Materiality of Revitalization Movements: Lessons from the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.” American Anthropologist, 2008.
Liebmann, Matthew Joseph, and Robert W. Preucel. “The archaeology of the Pueblo Revolt and the formation of the modern Pueblo world.” Kiva, 2007: 195-217.
Liebmann, Matthew. Revolt: An Archaeological History of Pueblo Resistance and Revitalization in 17th Century New Mexico. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 2012.
Liebmann, Matthew, T. J. Ferguson, and Robert W. Preucel. “Pueblo Settlement, Architecture, and Social Change in the Pueblo Revolt Era, A.D. 1680 to 1969.” Journal of Field Archaeology, 2005: 45-60.
McHugh, Erin. “Letting the Unspoken Speak: A Reexamination of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.” Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History, April 2015.
Page, Jake. “The Pueblo Revolt.” American History, 2002: 32-33.
Preucel, R. W, L. P. Traxler, and M. V. Wilcox. “Now the God of the Spaniards is Dead”: Ethnogenesis and Community Formation in the Aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.” Edited by S. H. Schlanger. Traditions, Transitions, and Technologies: Themes in Southwestern Archaeology Proceedings of the 2000 Southwest Symposium. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002.
Roosens, E. E. “Creating Ethnicity: The Process of Ethnogenesis.” Frontiers of Anthropology, 1989.
Schroeder, Albert H. Pueblos Abandoned in Historic Times. Vol. 9, in Southwest Handbook of North American Indians, by Alfonso Ortiz, edited by William C. Sturtevant, 236-254. Washington D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1979.
“When times got rough for the Pueblo people in the years …” Valdosta.edu. n.d. mypages.valdosta.edu/jehaskins/Pueblo%20Revolt.pdf (accessed September 17, 2015).
Wilcox, D. R., and W. B. Masse. A History of Protohistoric Studies in the North American Southwest. In The Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest A.D. 1450-1700. Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 24, 1981.
Wilcox, M. V. The Archaeology of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. PhD Thesis, Cambridge: Harvard University, 2001.
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
